OS/2 Frequently Asked Questions Rel. 2.0e

OS/2 Frequently Asked Questions List: User's Edition

Release 2.0e; August 29, 1992

Compiled by Timothy F. Sipples

For changes/suggestions/additions please mail sip1@ellis.uchicago.edu. This List may be freely distributed. Mention of a product does not constitute an endorsement. Customers outside the U.S. should not necessarily rely on 800 telephone numbers, part numbers, or upgrade policies contained in this List. Electronic mail addresses are in Internet form; use addressing appropriate to your mail system.

This List is available in Rich Text Format, with revision markings, from shareware/freeware sources (see Question 9), including ftp-os2.nmsu.edu.

Questions addressed herein:

What is OS/2?
OS/2 is an advanced operating system for PCs and PS/2s with an 80286 processor or better. It was codeveloped by Microsoft and IBM and envisioned as the successor to DOS.

It was designed from the ground up with preemptive multitasking and multithreading in mind. It also protects applications from one another (a single misbehaved program will not typically disrupt the entire system), supports multimegabytes of physical RAM, and supplies virtual memory to applications as requested, breaking DOS's 640K barrier.

As shipped, it does not support multiuser operation, although third parties have grafted multiuser capabilities onto the base operating system. Remote-OS (The Software Lifeline, 407-994-4466), OS2YOU (shareware; see Question 9), Citrix (Citrix Systems, 305-755-0559), and PolyMod2 (MemSoft) are four such products.

What are the differences between versions?
IBM OS/2 Version 2.0 (CSD Level 02000, see Question 24) will run only on machines with an 80386SX processor or better. IBM is (now) developing OS/2 (and its Intel and non-Intel-based successors) independently but is involving third party PC manufacturers in its testing. Improvements include the ability to preemptively multitask DOS, Windows 2.x, and Windows 3.0 (real and standard mode) applications (without purchasing any of these environments) in separate, robust, protected sessions; an object-oriented Workplace Shell (WPS); a multiple operating system boot mechanism; new 32-bit programming interfaces; support for more than 16 MB of physical RAM (on systems with appropriate BIOS support); and more third party device drivers. It also provides EMS 4.0 and XMS 2.0/DPMI 0.9 (expanded and extended memory) services to DOS and Windows applications. OS/2 1.x applications, unmodified, still run under OS/2 2.0.

IBM OS/2 Version 1.3 is the last release of OS/2 to operate on PCs with 80286 CPUs. This version introduced built-in Adobe Type Manager (ATM), providing scalable typefaces for screen and printer. Procedures Language/2 (a.k.a. REXX), a powerful batch-oriented programming language, became a part of Standard Edition with this release. (A few OEMs are shipping Microsoft OS/2 Version 1.3, but Microsoft has all but abandoned OS/2 development.)

OS/2 Version 1.2 was the first to incorporate the High Performance File System (HPFS). With this release IBM OS/2 added a dual boot mechanism and IBM Extended Edition introduced REXX.

OS/2 Version 1.1 was the first to include the Presentation Manager (PM) GUI/API, now an integral part of the operating system. Microsoft OEM versions added a dual boot mechanism with this release.

OS/2 Version 1.0, introduced in 1987, was the first release of OS/2. Task switching was accomplished through a character-based shell and limited DOS compatibility was provided.

What is Extended Services?
Prior to Version 2.0, IBM offered two separate packages with each release of OS/2: Standard Edition and Extended Edition. Extended Edition included extra, bundled software products: the Communications Manager (for communication with IBM mainframes, minicomputers, and other hosts), Database Manager (a full, network aware, relational database), and LAN Requester.

IBM has now unbundled the Extended Edition features, dropped LAN Requester from the package (now available separately, with IBM's LAN Server), updated it for OS/2 2.0, and renamed it Extended Services 1.0. ES, by itself, no longer includes the base operating system as Extended Edition once did.

This new arrangement makes it easier to update the base operating system with CSDs (see Question 24). And now ES 1.0 will run under OS/2 1.3 Standard Edition as well as OS/2 2.0. Also, ES 1.0, like OS/2 2.0 itself, is designed to operate on both IBM and non-IBM systems (see Question 7).

How good is OS/2 2.0's DOS and Windows compatibility?
OS/2 1.x justifiably earned a reputation for poor DOS compatibility. Since it was hampered by the 80286, it could not run more than one DOS application at a time.

The situation has changed dramatically with OS/2 2.0. Version 2.0 preemptively multitasks DOS and Windows (real and standard mode) applications in separate, protected sessions, without purchasing either environment.

OS/2 2.0 provides a complete DOS emulation equivalent to DOS 5.0. The operating system can provide each DOS application with up to 32 MB of EMS 4.0 (expanded memory), 16 MB of XMS 2.0 (extended memory), and/or 512 MB of DPMI 0.9 (DOS Protected Mode Interface extended memory), all from its pool of physical and/or virtual memory (meaning you do not have to have as much RAM in your system as your applications request). These limits are in addition to the up to 730K free conventional memory supplied to each DOS application, even after mouse and network drivers are loaded. As in DOS 5.0, DOS code and device drivers may be loaded into high memory. A 386 memory manager like QEMM or 386Max is not needed -- these features are provided by OS/2 2.0 directly.

The DOS emulation allows customization of device driver sets -- each DOS application shares a systemwide CONFIG.SYS and the equivalent of its own CONFIG.SYS. Also, there is a systemwide AUTOEXEC.BAT file; batch commands particular to each DOS application can be invoked using separate, application-specific batch files. And many DOS Settings are provided to fine tune each DOS/Windows application's behavior (e.g. IDLE_SENSITIVITY). Most of the popular DOS/Windows applications on your hard disk will be migrated automatically when you install OS/2 2.0.

In addition, OS/2 2.0 will boot one or more specific versions of DOS in separate sessions, to assist in running particularly difficult applications (e.g. DOS networks). So, for example, it is possible to multitask DOS 3.3, DOS 4.0, DOS 5.0, emulated DOS, and Desqview running atop DOS, all in separate sessions, either windowed or full screen, all with the same and/or separate device drivers, TSRs, environment variables, etc. These boot images may be stored on a hard disk. Specific DOS session procedures are described in the online Command Reference (under VMDISK) and in the Installation Guide, Appendix E.

Standard graphics modes (generally up to the resolution of the desktop; see Question 11) are supported in DOS windows, as are selectable text mode fonts. Cut/paste to/from windowed DOS applications is supported (to/from other DOS, OS/2, and Windows applications), including graphics cut/paste. Theoretically, OS/2 2.0 will run up to 240 simultaneous DOS/Windows sessions; the practical maximum depends on system resources.

OS/2 2.0 will, in fact, run virtually all DOS applications in existence, including notorious ones such as Microsoft Flight Simulator, Wing Commander, Maple, MatLab (Version 3.5k or later), and others. Those that do not run generally fall into the following categories:

(a) Programs that use Virtual Control Program Interface (VCPI) memory extenders or other extenders which require direct access to the 80386 control registers. Since such applications are also all but incompatible with Windows, most vendors have program updates for DPMI compatibility;

(b) Applications which attempt to directly address the physical sectors of an OS/2 managed nonremoveable hard disk drive. Such programs include UnErase in Norton Utilities, for example. Fortunately OS/2 2.0 has a built-in UnDelete feature which is more robust than Norton's approach. (Consult the online Command Reference for information on how to enable UNDELETE);

(c) Timing sensitive DOS applications. Certain DOS programs that generate digitized sound through the PC's internal speaker may have distorted sound. High speed, real time data collection may be compromised. These problems can often be minimized or even eliminated using OS/2 2.0's DOS Settings.

(d) Certain DOS programming debuggers. DOS applications running under OS/2 2.0 are not permitted to access the debug registers DR0-DR7 from a DOS session. Also, DOS debuggers will not be able to set hardware breakpoints, and all read/write operations to debug registers in virtual 8086 mode will be ignored.

Generally DOS backup programs will work under OS/2 2.0, but they may not capture some of the OS/2 data (especially extended attributes) on the hard disk without the assistance of utilities such as EABK201 (available from shareware/freeware sources; see Question 9). OS/2 backup tools are available, notably IBM's PMTape and PS2Tape (for IBM and Irwin tape systems), Sytos Plus (Sytron, 508-898-0100), EZTape (Irwin, 313-930- 9000), Intelligent Backup (Sterling, 916-635-5535), FileSafe (Mountain, 408-438-2665), KeepTrack Plus (Finot, 800-748-6480), NovaBack (NovaStor, 818-707-9900), and MaynStream (Maynard, 407-263-3500). The OS/2 BACKUP utility is best used from an OS/2 diskette boot (see Question 13). DOS- based disk caching software is not required since OS/2 includes a built- in, highly configurable, efficient disk cache.

DOS programs running under OS/2 2.0 are extremely fast. A single DOS application (no other applications open) running full screen under OS/2 2.0 typically achieves 95-97% of the performance it would have under native DOS. If the DOS application performs any disk I/O it can actually operate faster than it would if running under native DOS. It is not unheard of for disk intensive DOS applications to run twice or even three times as fast under OS/2 2.0.

If pure DOS is absolutely required, OS/2 2.0 includes a utility called the Boot Manager. The Boot Manager can provide a listing of all the operating systems available on the system and will allow selection of any one at startup, with a default after timeout. The OS/2 1.x DualBoot method is still available as well. Consult the Installation Guide for instructions on how to configure your system to use Boot Manager or DualBoot. Note that OS/2 2.0 need not be installed on Drive C -- it can reside on other volumes.

Compatibility with Windows, a popular DOS extender, is provided by Win- OS/2, an environment based on Microsoft's Windows source code. It runs Windows 2.x and 3.0 real mode and standard mode applications under OS/2 2.0, either on a full screen Windows desktop (with the familiar Program Manager and one or more Windows applications) or "seamlessly," alongside OS/2 applications on the WPS desktop. "Seamless" operation is available in VGA resolution with OS/2 2.0 as it ships; see Question 11 for information on third party drivers.

CVTICO or ICON, both available from shareware/freeware sources (see Question 9), will convert Windows icons for use by the OS/2 Icon Editor and/or OS/2-specific programs. (No conversion is necessary if the icons are to be used with Windows programs running under OS/2 2.0.)

OS/2 2.0 directly provides Windows enhanced mode features save one: services included in WINMEM32.DLL. Windows applications which utilize this DLL (e.g. Mathematica 2.0, Omnipage Professional 1.0) will not run under OS/2 2.0. Fortunately the number of WINMEM32 applications is few, and apparently the vendors of such applications will be shipping OS/2 2.0 compatible updates.

Windows applications are well integrated into the overall OS/2 WPS environment with DDE and Clipboard hooks, and OLE 1.0 is supported among Windows applications. Adobe Type Manager for Win-OS/2 comes with OS/2 2.0 (see Question 25). Windows screen (for a full screen desktop) and printer device drivers will work under Win-OS/2. Such notorious Windows applications as Word for Windows, Norton Desktop (save portions described above), Toolbook, and screen savers such as After Dark work fine under Win-OS/2. Even the Windows Multimedia Extensions (and programs which utilize them) operate under Win-OS/2. (For information on Multimedia Presentation Manager/2, the OS/2 2.0 multimedia extensions, call 800-426-9402 ext. 150.)

Win-OS/2 departs from Microsoft Windows in that it allows more than one Windows desktop and can preemptively (rather than cooperatively) multitask Windows applications in separate, robust, protected sessions. Also, while the enhancements incorporated into Windows 3.1 are functionally incorporated into Win-OS/2, Win-OS/2 is not technically Windows 3.1 compatible. IBM has demonstrated 3.1-level Win-OS/2, and it is widely rumored that a free 3.1-level update will be available this fall. Aside from the Windows 3.1 applets there are no Windows 3.1- specific applications available. (Win-OS/2 will run the Windows 3.0 applets, but it does not include them. Instead, true OS/2 2.0 spreadsheet, database, communications, time planning/scheduling, and other applets are provided.)

Some Windows applications require OLE DLLs or custom settings in WIN.INI. If such a Windows application has been installed under the DOS version of Windows, Win-OS/2 may not be able to find the appropriate files or configuration. Try reinstalling the Windows application under Win-OS/2.

Where can I buy OS/2?
IBM OS/2 Version 2.0 is available from most software dealers (including Elek-Tek, 708-677-7660; and Corporate Software, 800-677-4000) and directly from IBM (800-3-IBM-OS2, 800-465-1234 in Canada). In the U.K. call the OS/2 User Group (0285-655888) to order. OS/2 2.0 on 3.5 inch diskettes is part no. 84F7586. For 5.25 inch diskettes, 10G2991. Media are high density. For compact disc, 10G2992. IBM OS/2 Version 1.3 is still available and may be ordered through many IBM dealers.

IBM is trying to make OS/2 2.0 available everywhere DOS is purchased. If your dealer does not stock OS/2 2.0, take your business elsewhere (and explain why). IBM also has plans to bundle OS/2 2.0 with new PS/1, PS/2, and non-IBM systems.

Microsoft versions of OS/2 1.x are available only through OEMs (e.g. Compaq, Dell) or by purchasing Microsoft's LAN Manager 2.1 or SQL Server products. Microsoft has all but ceased OS/2 development, working instead on Windows and the future, high-end NT (formerly OS/2 3.0).

How much does OS/2 2.0 cost?
IBM OS/2 2.0 retails for $195. However, in the U.S. introductory pricing is available through October 31, 1992, by calling IBM's order line (800-3-IBM-OS2). Upgrades are $79 from any version of Windows, $99 from any version of DOS, and $149 without an upgrade. (Call for details on upgrades from OS/2 1.x.) Similar promotions are in effect in Canada and other countries. Special pricing is available for multiple OS/2 licenses. Educational discounts are available but may not apply to the introductory prices. (IBM's educational inquiries line in the U.S. is 800-222-7257.)

IBM offers two money back guarantees in the U.S.: a 30-day, no questions asked, money back guarantee, and a 90-day compatibility guarantee (see Question 7).

What hardware do I need to run IBM OS/2 2.0? Do I need a PS/2?
You need any PC compatible, PS/1, or PS/2 with at least an 80386SX CPU, 4 MB (6 MB or more strongly recommended) of RAM, a 60 MB or larger hard disk (with 15-30 MB free), a supported video adapter (CGA, EGA, VGA, 8514/A, XGA, or third party driver) with appropriate display, and a high density 3.5 or 5.25 inch floppy drive for installation. A mouse or other pointing device is strongly recommended. Allow extra RAM and hard disk space for OS/2-based networking, ES, and/or extra system loads (i.e. an extraordinary number of large applications running simultaneously). When calculating hard disk space requirements, subtract space occupied by files already on the hard disk which are functionally included in OS/2 2.0 and may be deleted, e.g. DOS, a 386 memory manager, Windows, Adobe Type Manager with base typefaces, etc.

The WPS will not operate with the Monochrome Display Adapter or the Hercules Monochrome Graphics Adapter. Usually the WPS will fail to work with monochrome EGA. However, some EGA adapters (e.g. Paradise Monochrome EGA Card, ATI EGA Wonder) will emulate all color EGA modes on TTL monochrome monitors and, thus, will work with the WPS.

On (E)ISA bus machines, OS/2 specifically supports hard drive adapters which conform to the Western Digital chipset interface standard (i.e. nearly all MFM, RLL, IDE, and ESDI adapters) and Adaptec, Future Domain, and IBM SCSI adapters. (True OS/2 2.0 drivers for some SCSI adapters, e.g. Trantor and Procom, are available directly from the adapter manufacturer.) In addition, "generic" INT13 support is provided for all other hard disk adapters. This "generic" support even embraces such devices as Iomega's Bernoulli and SyQuest's removeable media products (but for best results contact Iomega or SyQuest for an OS/2 2.0 driver). CD-ROM support is included as well. At present the OS/2 CD-ROM driver does not work with all brands, but the DOS device drivers, when installed using a specific DOS session, will still provide CD-ROM services to DOS/Windows programs. See Question 12 for information on printer and plotter support.

Version 2.0 is explicitly supported on PC compatibles. IBM is offering a money back compatibility guarantee in the U.S. Should OS/2 2.0 fail to work on your compatible within the first 90 days of use, and should IBM be unable to fix the problem, your purchase price will be refunded. To date over 220 non-IBM models have been tested in IBM's own labs.

What applications are available for OS/2?
In addition to the thousands of applications available for DOS and Windows, there are a couple thousand OS/2-specific applications representing almost every category imaginable.

The DOS/Windows applications with 16-bit OS/2-specific counterparts include Lotus 1-2-3, Freelance, Microsoft Word, Excel, Multiplan, Aldus Pagemaker, Ventura Publisher, Corel Draw, WordPerfect, DisplayWrite, DeScribe, Micrografx Designer, AutoCAD, Oracle, RBase, SAS, SPSS, HyperAccess/5, DynaComm, Pro-YAM, Borland Sidekick, Paradox, Wingz, Brief, QEdit, 4DOS, and many others. In some cases DOS and OS/2 versions ship together (e.g. Microsoft Word 5.5, Lotus 1-2-3 3.0, Wingz).

OS/2 2.0 provides an attractive, 32-bit, Workplace Shell environment for new applications; many do not have DOS/Windows predecessors. This new class of 32-bit applications will include Lotus 1-2-3, Freelance, cc:Mail, Notes, AmiPro, WordPerfect 6.0, N/Joy, DeScribe, Publisher's Paintbrush, PFS:Works, CorelDraw, HyperAccess, BitFAX, FAX/PM, and many more. Over 1200 new 32-bit OS/2 2.0 applications are slated for release in the next year.

OS/2-specific versions of popular utilities include ZIP/UNZIP, ARC, LH2, Zoo 2.1, many GNU tools, tens of different file finders, desktop clocks, calculators, and many more. Programming languages include Assembler, C++, COBOL, Pascal, C, Fortran, BASIC, REXX (included with every copy of OS/2 2.0), Smalltalk, Modula-2, LISP, Forth, and still more, from vendors such as Borland, Jensen and Partners International, Watcom, Symantec (through its Zortech subsidiary), IBM, Microway, and many more. Two ports of the 32-bit GNU C 2.1 compiler (one including the GNU debugger, the other including C++) are available from shareware/freeware sources (see Question 9). A Fortran to C translator, f2c, is also available. (See the Programmer's Edition of this List for more information.)

The IBM NSC BBS (404-835-6600) provides an online product database of OS/2-specific software. A directory of OS/2 applications, IBM document number G362-0029-02, is published by Graphics Plus (800-READ-OS2). TINF is an applications directory (for use with the OS/2 VIEW facility) available from shareware/freeware sources listed below.

Where can I obtain OS/2 shareware and freeware?
Many BBSes, including Fernwood (203-483-0348), OS/2 Shareware BBS (703- 385-4325), Bay Area OS/2 BBS (510-657-7948), Gateway/2 (314-554-9313), and Greater Chicago Online (708-895-4042), hold large OS/2 libraries. The IBM NSC BBS has some shareware/freeware as well, along with CSDs (see Question 24) and the PS/2 Assistant (an invaluable resource for locating almost any sort of information on OS/2). For information on IBM's new OS/2 BBS call 800-547-1283. IBM Canada maintains several support BBSes (604-664-6466, 416-946-4255, and 514-938-3022 at 2400 bps; 604-664-6464 and 416-946-4244 at 9600 bps).

The Usenet conference comp.binaries.os2 carries OS/2 software. And several sites are available via anonymous ftp. (No ftp? Send a single line message with the word HELP to bitftp@pucc.bitnet or ftpmail@decwrl.dec.com to learn about ftp mail servers.)  They include (with Internet node numbers and subdirectories):

ftp-os2.nmsu.edu           128.123.35.151     pub/os2 mtsg.ubc.ca                137.82.27.1        os2: access.usask.ca            128.233.3.1        pub/archives/os2 luga.latrobe.edu.au        131.172.2.2        pub/os2 funic.funet.fi             128.214.6.100      pub/os2 ftp.urz.uni-heidelberg.de  129.206.100.126    pub/os2 software.watson.ibm.com    129.34.139.5       pub/os2 novell.com                 130.57.4.1         pub/os2

The last site should not be accessed weekdays from 8:00 a.m. to 5:30 p.m. Pacific Time. The ftp-os2.nmsu.edu and novell.com libraries are available on CD-ROM from Walnut Creek (510-947-5996).

Other sources include CompuServe ("GO IBMOS2") and an archive server (send a single line message with the word HELP to listserv@cc1.kuleuven.ac.be for more information, or use ftp).

I am having trouble installing OS/2 2.0. What should I do?
First consult the Installation Guide and other materials accompanying OS/2 2.0. Make sure your PC meets the system requirements in Question 7.

And if the following instructions do not help, fall back on IBM's toll free technical support (800-237-5511 in the U.S.) and/or consult IBM's Tips and Techniques file, available from shareware/freeware sources (see Question 9).

Certain PC compatibles have difficulty accepting OS/2 2.0 (CSD level 02000 only; see Question 24), particularly AT bus systems with RLL, MFM, ESDI, or certain SCSI adapters (e.g. AMI SCSI adapters). The problem usually appears in the form of FDISK errors, extremely slow copying to the hard disk, or a whining/grating noise emanating from the hard disk.

IBM suggests a simple workaround. First, DISKCOPY Diskette 1 of your OS/2 2.0 package. Set aside your original Diskette 1 and use the copy from now on as if it were the original. Using a text editor, modify the CONFIG.SYS file on Diskette 1 (the copy), replacing the line: BASEDEV=IBM1S506.ADD with REM BASEDEV=IBM1S506.ADD. Boot the Installation Diskette, and proceed through the installation procedure through the first few diskettes, then reinsert the Installation Diskette as directed. Then after files have been copied from the Installation Diskette the system prompts you to remove the diskette and press ENTER to reboot. Do so, but immediately reinsert the Installation Diskette as soon as the screen clears. Follow instructions (insert Diskette 1 and press ENTER when prompted), then press ESC when prompted. At the OS/2 command line, type: RENAME C:\OS2\IBM1S506.ADD IBM1S506.XXX COPY C:\OS2\IBMINT13.I13 C:\OS2\IBM1S506.ADD replacing C: with the appropriate drive if you are installing elsewhere. Remove Diskette 1, then press CTRL-ALT-DEL to reboot to finish installation.

The mouse selection menu provided when installing is a bit confusing. Usually you should accept the default the system selects for you. The Logitech Mouse selection should be chosen only if you have a Mouse Systems PC Mouse (or compatible, e.g. certain Genius models) or a Logitech C7 or C9 serial mouse. (If you have another Logitech pointing device, it is likely Microsoft compatible when powered up, so select the appropriate Microsoft driver, e.g. "Serial Pointing Device.") If you are using a Logitech C7 or C9 serial mouse and have been using native DOS, be sure to issue the command MOUSE PC (or MOUSE 2 PC if your mouse is attached to COM2) before booting into or installing OS/2. Alternatively, turn off the system (to reset the mouse) before booting or installing OS/2.

Some PCs have trouble printing under OS/2 2.0. This problem can often be traced to an interrupt conflict, or a substandard cable or printer adapter. LPT1 uses IRQ 7, and LPT2, if installed, uses IRQ 5. Interrupts should not be shared on AT bus machines. The SoundBlaster card, for example, comes set to IRQ 7. Reset it to an unused interrupt.

Make sure adapters with onboard ROMs are not conflicting with other adapters. For example, many SuperVGA adapters use large chunks of upper memory, and many hard disk adapters have onboard ROMs which can be mapped into this area as well. Adapters must cooperate in their use of memory and interrupts and must not share address space or interrupts. Check your product manuals for more help.

Be sure adequate free disk space is available before installing, including space for a swap file. Drives compressed using Stacker or similar utilities should be uncompressed before installing (unless access to these drives is not needed). OS/2 2.0 is not presently compatible with Stacker or similar DOS utilities. However, an OS/2 2.0 version of Stacker is forthcoming, and Proportional Software's DCF/2, a Stacker-like utility, is now available by calling 800-666-4672.

Do not select HPFS when installing if your machine has 6 MB of RAM or less. Doing so will likely result in diminished performance. Change the IFS=...HPFS line in your CONFIG.SYS to REM IFS=... if necessary.

Automatic migration of your DOS CONFIG.SYS and AUTOEXEC.BAT files is not recommended. If you have Windows 3.1 installed on your system do not migrate your Windows desktop.

Be sure your CMOS setup parameters are set correctly, especially those relating to floppy drives. Disable all shadow RAM for best performance (unless compatibility problems arise). RAM should be given sufficient wait states and precharge cycles. The AT bus should run at 8 MHz.

If you are using the IBMINT13.I13 driver to access an MFM, RLL, or ESDI hard drive, and the hard drive has more than 1024 cylinders, be certain your hard disk adapter's sector translation mode is enabled.

Some Quantum LPS105AT IDE hard disks require a free ROM update (Version 2.6) from the manufacturer to work with OS/2.

If your AMI keyboard BIOS is below Revision F you may need an update. Contact Washburn & Assoc. (716-248-3627).

Some keyboards have DIP switches. Check to make sure the switches are set correctly. For example, if the keyboard is attached to a system with an AT bus it should typically be switched to "AT" mode.

"Autoswitching" on non-IBM EGA adapters should be disabled (usually with a DIP switch or jumper setting). In rare cases it may be necessary to switch third party VGA/SuperVGA adapters into 8-bit mode and/or disable "autosense." See Question 11 for more SuperVGA advice.

OS/2 is particularly sensitive to bad RAM or cache memory (often reflected in TRAP 2 error messages). Use a thorough RAM testing utility, and try not to mix 9 chip and 3 chip SIMMs/SIPPs.

The HP DeskJet and DeskJet Plus printers work, without loss of functionality, using the Epson EPL-6000, Epson EPL-7000, or LaserJet Classic driver (with Fast System Fonts disabled). As of this writing a DeskJet 500C color driver (for OS/2-specific programs) is not yet available.

Allow several minutes for OS/2 2.0 to build your desktop (and display icons) at the end of installation -- take the Tutorial offered to you in the meantime. Select Shutdown and reboot once after installation completes to ensure that DOS/Windows applications will operate properly. Avail yourself of the "Start Here" icon, the other online help, and the README file located in the root directory. They will help in getting started with the WPS and in properly configuring your system.

When installing over a beta version of OS/2 (except OS/2 2.0 level 6.177H, the Limited Availability release) be sure to reformat.

To install the OS/2 2.0 DOS/Windows upgrade DOS or OS/2 must already reside on the hard disk. If Diskette 1 is not write protected then the installation program will record a file indicating that upgrade terms have been satisfied and, in the future, will not require DOS or OS/2 on the hard disk to install.

OS/2 uses the same diskette format as DOS, so use DISKCOPY to backup the installation diskettes and verify that none have been corrupted.

Owners of IBM PS/2s should make sure that any applicable ECAs (engineering changes) have been performed.

Try disconnecting any tape backup device if "Cannot find COUNTRY.SYS" messages are encountered when booting OS/2.

Contact IBM for a fix to install OS/2 2.0 on certain Zeos notebooks.

An Always IN-2000 SCSI adapter with BIOS version 3.06A or 3.20 requires an updated BIOS from the manufacturer. A companion 8-pin serial PROM chip may also need to be updated. Contact Always at 818-597-9595.

Will OS/2 2.0 work with my SuperVGA adapter?
If you have a SuperVGA adapter, OS/2 2.0 should initially be installed using the standard VGA driver. Then consult the README file OS/2 copies to your root directory for more information on SuperVGA support.

OS/2 2.0 comes with basic mode switching capabilities to handle applications which utilize SuperVGA modes. If OS/2 2.0 detects a SuperVGA adapter it will list two SuperVGA support files, VSVGA.SYS and BVHSVGA.DLL, in your CONFIG.SYS file. (A replacement VSVGA.SYS file, dated April 20, 1992, or later, fixes Tseng 4000 and TRAP E problems. A replacement BVHSVGA.DLL file, dated April 21, 1992, or later, fixes installation problems involving Western Digital/Paradise PVGA1D chipset adapters.  Both are available from shareware/freeware sources; see Question 9.)

To enable this mode switching support you must start a DOS full screen session, issue the command SVGA ON, EXIT, Shutdown, and reboot. (In the same DOS full screen session and prior to SVGA ON you may run utilities which customize refresh rates. The new refresh rates will take effect after you reboot.  You may also wish to run such a utility from AUTOEXEC.BAT.)  SVGA ON creates a text file called \OS2\SVGADATA.PMI which describes your SuperVGA adapter to the system. Then you may install high resolution drivers.

Aside from DOS applications (which may require their own drivers), OS/2 2.0 requires up to three high resolution support files:

\OS2\DLL\DISPLAY.DLL                Workplace Shell display driver \OS2\MDOS\WINOS2\SYSTEM\VGA.DRV     Win-OS/2 full screen driver \OS2\MDOS\WINOS2\SYSTEM\SWINVGA.DRV Win-OS/2 "seamless" driver

You may replace any one of these individually for high resolution operation in each given mode, but be sure to keep a backup copy of the original file(s). The "seamless" Win-OS/2 and WPS desktop driver files must match (in terms of resolution and number of colors) if you wish to run Windows programs "seamlessly." Any suitable Windows SuperVGA driver will work as a Win-OS/2 full screen driver, but be sure to use the EXPAND utility (as described in README) when installing.

OS/2 1.3 SuperVGA drivers often serve, with some limitations, as WPS desktop drivers. Use the command DDINSTAL to replace DISPLAY.DLL. Setting IOPL=YES in CONFIG.SYS may be required with a SuperVGA adapter.

As of this writing Trident, Orchid and STB (Tseng 4000 chipset), and ATI (due to third party efforts) are the only SuperVGA vendors with OS/2 2.0 high resolution drivers, although several other manufacturers have promised drivers. When available they will be provided through shareware/freeware sources (see Question 9).

Some SuperVGA adapters cause problems with DOS/Win-OS/2 sessions. Try turning VIDEO_ROM_EMULATION off, HW_ROM_TO_RAM on, and/or DOS_RMSIZE to 624 in DOS Settings.

If you have an ATI Ultra, Vantage, or other 8514/A hardware compatible adapter, install OS/2 using the 8514/A driver. For the Graphics Ultra and Graphics Vantage change the line DEVICE=...VVGA.SYS to DEVICE=...VSVGA.SYS in CONFIG.SYS; Shutdown and reboot.

IBM was unable to test all SuperVGA adapters, so if you are experiencing problems report them through IBM's toll free support (800-237-5511 in the U.S.) or to the adapter manufacturer.

If SuperVGA continues to cause problems the stock VGA driver may be used (preventing DOS/Windows applications from using SuperVGA modes, however). In CONFIG.SYS change DEVICE=...VSVGA.SYS to ...VVGA.SYS and SET VIO_VGA...(BVHVGA,BVHSVGA) to ...(BVHVGA).

OS/2 2.0's installation program has difficulty with certain Oak video adapters. Temporarily replace the video adapter to install OS/2, or contact IBM for a patch.

Will OS/2 2.0 work with my printer?
OS/2 2.0 includes support for Hewlett-Packard LaserJets, DeskJets (see Question 10), and PaintJets; IBM ExecJets, Proprinters, Quickwriters, Quietwriters, Pageprinters, and Laserprinters; Epson dot matrix and laser printers; Postscript devices; and other printers (e.g. Panasonic) compatible with these families. A variety of IBM and HP plotters is also supported.

DOS/Windows printer drivers continue to work for DOS/Windows applications. OS/2 2.0 includes a large assortment of Windows printer drivers for Win-OS/2. If necessary install Windows printer drivers using the Win-OS/2 Control Panel. OS/2 2.0 and OS/2 1.3 printer drivers are interchangeable, by and large.

If your printer is not compatible with one of the drivers supplied with OS/2, check with the printer manufacturer first then with shareware/freeware sources (see Question 9). If you own an IBM printer, check with the Lexmark BBS (606-232-5653).

How do I access HPFS partitions on my hard drive without booting from the hard drive? I'm getting error messages now -- how do I "repair" my hard disk?
With IBM OS/2 2.0, insert the Installation Diskette, Shutdown (if necessary), and reboot. When prompted insert Diskette 1 and press ENTER. When prompted, press ESC. You will be given an OS/2 command line prompt. From there you can make necessary changes to your hard disk -- an OS/2 character mode text editor on diskette is handy for such changes. (Make sure you backup CONFIG.SYS before making any changes so that you can easily revert to the old version should things go wrong.)

You may use this diskette boot method to run CHKDSK on your FAT or HPFS partitions. After you reach the command line, insert Diskette 2. Do not log to another drive. Type CHKDSK X: /F to repair most kinds of damage to your hard disk, replacing X with the appropriate drive letter. (If you are checking a HPFS disk, use /F:3.) OS/2 CHKDSK will also remark your hard disk as accessible, if possible, should OS/2 "lock it out" for some reason.

"Errors" may be reported by CHKDSK if OS/2 was booted from the hard disk. These "errors" are normal. Since the hard drive is in use by OS/2 itself (and files are open) CHKDSK is unable to accurately report errors.

The best way to avoid the need to perform CHKDSK is to always select Refresh then Shutdown. Click on the Workplace Shell desktop background using mouse button two to bring up the appropriate menu. Also, avoid manipulating OS/2-related files when using native DOS. Finally, enable autochecking for all your hard disk volumes. For HPFS volumes use the /AUTOCHECK parameter in the IFS=...HPFS line in your CONFIG.SYS. For FAT volumes use the AC parameter in the DISKCACHE line of your CONFIG.SYS. See the online Command Reference for details.

I can't install OS/2 2.0 from Drive B. What's wrong?
IBM OS/2 2.0 can only be installed from Drive A, like DOS (unless your BIOS supports booting from Drive B), or across a network (contact IBM for more information on network installation procedures). If you have the wrong disk size go back to your dealer and obtain the correct media. Otherwise you could go inside your machine and swap floppy drive cable connectors, use your system's setup utility to set the new CMOS parameters, and then install OS/2 from the "new" Drive A. Sometimes the floppy drive cable connectors will not be the same. If so you can obtain an adapter plug.

You may also use IBM's new twin "bootstrap" diskette images, available from shareware/freeware sources (see Question 9), to boot from a 5.25 inch Drive A and install using 3.5 inch OS/2 diskettes inserted into Drive B.

Is there a Norton Utilities for OS/2?
Not yet, although Norton Desktop, Norton Utilities, and Norton Commander all work under OS/2 2.0's DOS/Windows sessions (with limitations noted in Question 4). But the GammaTech Utilities should fill the role. Contact their publisher at 405-359-1219. Note that OS/2 2.0 has a built-in UnDelete utility (see the README file or online help), and HPFS is resistant to fragmentation (see Question 18).

Sometimes OS/2 2.0 will freeze when I run an application. What do I do?
Before rebooting with CTRL-ALT-DEL, try CTRL-ESC. Do not hit additional keys, do not move the mouse. Wait up to a minute. In most cases the Window List or an error message will pop up. If you wish you may close the offending application at that point. (Try ALT-ESC if you have disabled CTRL-ESC in that application's DOS Settings.)

If the system is badly disabled, sometimes pressing CTRL-ALT-NUMLOCK twice will result in a prompt to create a dump diskette. You may do so (the online Command Reference describes dump diskettes) or at that point you may reboot with CTRL-ALT-DEL.

To prevent applications from automatically restarting, see Question 29. To restore the desktop to "factory defaults," use ALT-F1 when OS/2 2.0 starts. See the README file in your OS/2 root directory for details.

How can I get answers to my OS/2 questions?
If your question is not answered in this List, post a note to the appropriate Usenet conference: comp.os.os2.apps carries discussions related to finding or using any application running under OS/2, comp.os.os2.networking looks at networking issues, comp.os.os2.advocacy deals with opinions and speculation, comp.os.os2.programmer addresses anything related to OS/2 programming, and comp.os.os2.misc is for any other OS/2-related discussion. These groups are watched closely by many OS/2 experts from IBM. Also, comp.lang.rexx discusses REXX programming. A LISTSERVer distributes its own OS/2 conference by mail; send a single line message with the word HELP to listserv@cc1.kuleuven.ac.be for full instructions; or send the same message to listserv@frors12.circe.fr for information on an unedited mailing list.

Your local FidoNet BBS may carry OS/2 echo conferences. If not, ask your system operator to get ahold of them. CompuServe ("GO IBMOS2") and Prodigy are also excellent resources.

The IBM NSC BBS was established as a support forum. That BBS's message areas, product database, and PS/2 Assistant file(s) are invaluable resources. Information on the new OS/2 BBS is included in the OS/2 2.0 package. In the U.S. IBM has toll free technical support (800-237- 5511), an OS/2 Hotline (general information, orders, upgrades, 800-3- IBM-OS2), the HelpWare Center (800-PS2-2227), a software order line (800-IBM-CALL), an automated FAX information service (800-IBM-4FAX), and an educational inquiries line (800-222-7257). In Canada call IBM Personal Systems Software at 800-465-1234. OS/2 2.0 developers should contact the IBM Developer Assistance Program at 407-982-6408. IBM offers classes worldwide to help in using and programming OS/2 2.0; call your local IBM branch office (or the OS/2 Hotline) for more information.

OS/2 has its own magazines as well. To subscribe to OS/2 Developer Magazine call 800-WANT-OS2. For information on OS/2 Monthly send mail to JDS Publishing at 72550.2440@compuserve.com or call 800-365-2642. To subscribe to Inside OS/2 write The Cobb Group, P.O. Box 35160, Louisville, KY, 40232.

OS/2 2.0 books include:

Deitel and Kogan, "The Design of OS/2," ISBN 0-201-54889-5; Minasi, "Inside OS/2 2.0," ISBN 1-56205-045-1; "Using OS/2 2.0," IBM No. G362-0007-00; "OS/2 Complete," ISBN 1-55755-157-X; "Stepping Up to OS/2 V2," ISBN 1-55755-160-X; IBM's popular "Redbooks," IBM No. GBOF-2254;

and many titles from Van Nostrand-Reinhold (800-296-2665). (To order IBM publications phone your local IBM office and ask for the Librarian or call 800-7654-IBM.)

Any of the regular DOS or Windows resources (e.g. books, magazines, shareware/freeware sources) will be useful since both environments come with OS/2 2.0.

Why should I use HPFS? What does it offer me? Does it work with DOS?
HPFS offers long file names (up to 254 characters including the path, greatly exceeding the "8 dot 3" limit in DOS's FAT file system), contiguous storage of extended attributes (without the EA DATA. SF file used by FAT), resistance to file fragmentation, improved media error handling, smaller cluster size, support for larger file storage devices (up to 512 GB), and speedier disk operation, particularly on large hard disks, on systems with more than 6 MB of RAM. HPFS is not case sensitive, although it does preserve case in file names.

However, HPFS is not currently supported on removeable media, although some programs (e.g. BACKUP) preserve long file names on such FAT disks. Also, native mode DOS cannot access a HPFS partition. However, DOS/Windows sessions running under OS/2 can use all files that conform to the "8 dot 3" naming conventions, even if they are stored on HPFS volumes.

I'm a Unix wizard. How do I make OS/2 resemble Unix?
A great number of GNU and Unix utilities have been ported to OS/2 native mode and are available from shareware/freeware sources (see Question 9). A uucp package, UUPC/Extended, is available via anonymous ftp from sun.soe.clarkson.edu, directory pub/uupc; mail help@kew.com with questions.

In addition, the Hamilton C Shell is available from Hamilton Labs (508- 358-5715 or mail 3890321@mcimail.com). The Thompson Toolkit, a Bourne- like shell, is published by Thompson Automation (206-224-1639). Thompson offers a version of awk as well. MKS (519-884-2251 or mail pat@mks.com) publishes a number of standard Unix utilities for OS/2. Argosoft (510-795-7921) publishes ARGO/UX, a BSD 4.3 Unix compatible environment. For OS/2-specific X Windows server support, IBM provides an optional package available with its TCP/IP 1.2.1 for OS/2. The TCP/IP 1.2.1 base package includes a news reader as a sample application.

DOS and Windows based utilities and aids still work fine under OS/2 2.0.

I prefer Windows. How do I make OS/2 2.0 resemble Windows (or OS/2 1.3)?
At first the Workplace Shell may seem strange and different. Use it for a while and then decide.

If you still feel you want change how OS/2 2.0 works, follow the instructions beginning on p. 29 in the "Migrating to the OS/2 Workplace Shell" booklet.

I would like to set up an OS/2 BBS. What is available?
OS/2 is an excellent environment for BBS operation (even using DOS/Windows software), including large multiline facilities. Related software will enable FidoNet capabilities, gateways to Usenet/UUCP, nodelist processing, additional file transfer protocols, and more.

Five popular OS/2-specific BBSes are Maximus and Simplex (available from the shareware/freeware sources listed above), Omega Point/2 (BBS 404- 564-1961), Magnum (818-706-9800, BBS 818-706-9805), and Multi-Net (503- 883-8099, BBS 503-883-8197).

Can I use COM3 and COM4 in OS/2?
COM3 and COM4 are supported on PS/2s without any additional effort. On (E)ISA machines, some additions are required to CONFIG.SYS. Using a text editor, include "(port number, base address, interrupt number)" parameters next to the COM.SYS and VCOM.SYS filenames. One example: DEVICE=C:\OS2\COM.SYS (3,3E8,5) (4,2E8,2) DEVICE=C:\OS2\MDOS\VCOM.SYS (3,3E8,5) (4,2E8,2) Parameters for COM1 and COM2 need not be included (unless they are somehow nonstandard). OS/2 must end up with sequentially numbered logical COM ports. For example, if (physical) port two is not installed but port three or port four is installed start numbering using (2,...) in the DEVICE lines. Note that IBM has released patched COM drivers which may be of some assistance.

Note that AT bus COM ports cannot be used at the same time if they share interrupts because of bus design limitations (cf. "Under the Hood: How Interrupts Work," Byte, February, 1992). PolyCom, a replacement driver available from shareware/freeware sources (see Question 9), supports up to eight ports with the right hardware.

"Smart" (coprocessor controlled) multiport communication adapters should be used when installing more than four ports. Such an adapter will work with OS/2 if the manufacturer has written an appropriate driver. Examples include IBM's ARTIC products, Digiboard (213-645-1082) and Stargate (800-782-7428) adapters.

How do I start a background process from the OS/2 command line?
Look up the START and DETACH commands in the online Command Reference.

What are CSDs, how do I tell which I have, and where do I get them?
CSDs are Corrective Service Diskettes, or bug fixes, periodically issued by IBM. The OS/2 CSD level number may be obtained using the command SYSLEVEL from an OS/2 command line prompt. CSDs are cumulative, i.e. only the most recent CSD is required to bring a system up from any previous CSD level. However, CSDs only apply within a major version number. For example, an upgrade, not a CSD, would bring OS/2 Version 1.3 up to Version 2.0. Note also that each national language (e.g. French, U.K. English) uses a distinct CSD.

CSDs may be ordered by anyone with an IBM customer number (usually large sites) directly from IBM Defect Support (800-237-5511). OS/2 users without customer numbers should ask authorized IBM dealers to order CSDs from that source. Many dealers do not know about this program, so be persistent. CSDs may also be downloaded from the IBM NSC BBS, CompuServe ("GO IBMOS2"), or from other shareware/freeware sources (see Question 9). And CSDs may be ordered through IBM's new OS/2 BBS.

The most recent OS/2 2.0 CSD level will be listed in this List and in the PS/2 Assistant files.

How do I add new Adobe Type Manager typefaces?
OS/2 2.0 comes with built-in Adobe Type Manager for OS/2 and Win-OS/2. A basic set of typefaces comes with OS/2 2.0 and is installed for use under OS/2's ATM. To install these same typefaces for use under Win- OS/2's ATM, go to the Win-OS/2 ATM Control Panel and install the typefaces from the last Printer Diskette.

Each typeface should come with three separate files with PFB, AFM, and PFM extensions. To install a typeface for use under Win-OS/2, use the ATM Control Panel. To install a typeface for use with OS/2-specific applications, select OS/2 System -> System Setup -> Font Palette -> Edit Font -> Add.

PFM files may converted to AFM files using the PFM2AFM utility, available from shareware/freeware sources (see Question 9). For information on obtaining AFM files for Adobe commercial typefaces send a single line message with the word HELP to ps-file-server@adobe.com.

With the exception of the basic set of typefaces that comes with OS/2 2.0, typeface files may be shared by OS/2 ATM and Win-OS/2 ATM. To do so, install the typefaces using both the Font Palette and Win-OS/2 ATM Control Panel, specifying the target path each time (most conveniently \PSFONTS).

Note that IOPL=YES should appear in CONFIG.SYS; the modules WPPWNDRV, BVHSVGA, and PMATM are marked as requiring I/O privilege.

How do I tweak OS/2 2.0 for maximum performance?
For OS/2 overall, the parameters MAXWAIT, TIMESLICE, PRIORITY, PRIORITY_DISK_IO, PROTECTONLY, and cache settings (in the DISKCACHE, for FAT, or IFS, for HPFS, lines) can be tweaked. These parameters are documented in the online Command Reference. The swap file should be placed on the most used partition on the least used hard disk. Use CONFIG.SYS's SWAPPATH line to control the swap file's location.

FAT partitions should be periodically defragmented. A shareware defragmenter for DOS called DOG (Disk OrGanizer) works well. (You can boot DOS from a floppy disk to run such a utility.)

For the Workplace Shell, drag shadows of most often used items to the desktop or folders closer to the "surface" -- opening folders takes time. Drag shadows of programs you use often (e.g. the Win-OS/2 full screen Program Manager) to the Startup folder. Disable animation (go to OS/2 System -> System Setup -> System -> Window). Use the faster Details View when opening drive and folder objects; to set Details View as the default, open the settings notebook for the object, select the Menu tab, click on ~Open, then the Settings button, then select the Default Action.

Try reducing the number of on screen colors or dropping down in screen resolution to enhance speed. Close (not just minimize; check the Window List) unnecessary objects and applications. Consider adding more RAM.

For DOS programs, run full screen instead of windowed if speed is important. In DOS Settings for each application: reduce conventional, XMS, DPMI, and EMS memory allocations to the bare minimum required for maximum performance; turn off VIDEO_RETRACE_EMULATION unless necessary; adjust IDLE_SENSITIVITY; turn off DOS_BACKGROUND_EXECUTION if not needed; change the HW_TIMER setting (particularly for games); enable VIDEO_FASTPASTE if possible; turn on HW_ROM_TO_RAM. Communications programs should use hardware handshaking where possible (use OS/2's MODE COMx command if necessary), and a buffered UART can prove helpful. (DOS programs running under OS/2 will not be aware of a buffered 16550AF UART. OS/2 virtualizes the serial port and manages the buffer itself.) For faster printing set the DOS program's output port to LPTx.OS2 (where x is the printer port number) -- use a "print to file" option if necessary. Disable any DOS print spoolers; rely on OS/2's spooler instead. Increase CONFIG.SYS's PRINTMONBUFSIZE values. Other, standard steps to enhance DOS performance (e.g. increasing BUFFERS in CONFIG.SYS) of course apply.

For Windows programs, run using a full screen desktop if speed is vital. The Win-OS/2 Full Screen icon set up by the installation program has poor Settings. For better performance perform some of the same steps outlined in the preceding paragraph, including VIDEO_RETRACE_EMULATION off. The same printer output advice also applies. In addition, the Print Manager should be disabled (OS/2 provides a systemwide spooler). From the Win-OS/2 desktop close the Print Manager, uncheck the "Use Print Manager" box from the Win-OS/2 Control Panel -> Printers section, then, using a text editor, edit the \OS2\MDOS\WINOS2\SYSTEM.INI file, removing the ",!printman" entry from the MAVDMApps line. (This last step will keep a warning dialog box from appearing each time you start the Win-OS/2 desktop.) Consider disabling the Public setting in the Clipboard. If available, set VIDEO_8514A_XGA_IOTRAP to off and VIDEO_SWITCH_NOTIFICATION to on (unless mouse control is lost).

What networking products are available for OS/2 2.0?
In addition to DOS/Windows products, OS/2-specific TCP/IP support is available from IBM (800-IBM-CALL), Essex Systems (508-532-5511), FTP Software (send mail to info@ftp.com), and others. NetWare Requester for OS/2 is available from Novell (800-873-2831); NetWare Server has been demonstrated by IBM. IBM offers both NetWare and LAN Server 2.0 (basic and advanced) with LAN Requesters. Microsoft sells LAN Manager 2.1 (which comes bundled with OS/2 1.3). An OS/2 2.0 LAN Manager Requester, part no. 96F8359, is available from IBM. A beta LAN Manager Requester written by Microsoft is available from shareware/freeware sources (see Question 9). DEC sells Pathworks for OS/2. A Banyan Vines OS/2 2.0 requester is due shortly, and the current DOS requester works in a specific DOS session.

Should I worry about viruses when running OS/2 2.0?
At present there are no OS/2-specific viruses. However, DOS/Windows viruses can conceivably infect an OS/2 2.0 system. DOS/Windows antivirus tools are just as useful in preventing such infection. Also, IBM has an antivirus package which runs under OS/2 directly (without DOS/Windows emulation), and others are on the way.

But OS/2 2.0 is likely to be much more resistant to viruses because of its design. Viruses running in one virtual DOS/Windows session are likely to be confined to that session. Low level disk access is curtailed under OS/2 2.0, thus preventing most virus infection at that level. And when a DOS/Windows virus does trigger, it is far less likely to disrupt the entire system.

OS/2 2.0 is by no means virus proof -- no system is. But it should prove more resistant to virus infection.

Are there any clever tricks that apply to OS/2 2.0?
If you have installed the optional bitmaps, try clicking on the WPS desktop background once with mouse button one and pressing CTRL-ALT- SHIFT-O.

If you have a color monitor, try editing your CONFIG.SYS file so that SET PROMPT=$e[32;40m$e[1m[$P]$e[0m to obtain a more colorful OS/2 command line prompt. You can do the same for your DOS sessions if you edit PROMPT in AUTOEXEC.BAT, assuming you have ANSI.SYS loaded.

To force DIR to display your directories in alphabetical order, with the subdirectories listed first, edit CONFIG.SYS so that SET DIRCMD=/O:GN and, if you wish the same for your DOS command line sessions, use DOSKEY (see the online Command Reference) in AUTOEXEC.BAT. DOSKEY also enables command history. (Shutdown and reboot for changes to CONFIG.SYS to take effect.)

Hold down SHIFT while resizing text windows to make size changes permanent.

While running a DOS graphics program in a window, use the graphics cut and paste feature to clip a picture and paste it into the Icon Editor. You can then quickly and easily create custom icons for your applications.

To disable the automatic application restart feature, create a STARTUP.CMD file in the root directory of your OS/2 boot drive with the following REXX script: /* */	call RxFuncadd 'SysLoadFuncs', 'RexxUtil', 'SysLoadFuncs' call SysLoadFuncs call SysIni 'USER', 'PM_WorkPlace:Restart', 'DELETE:' 'exit' or add the line SET RESTARTOBJECTS=STARTUPFOLDERSONLY to your CONFIG.SYS. To manually disable automatic application restart when booting OS/2, hold down the left CTRL, left SHIFT, and F1 keys simultaneously from the time the mouse pointer appears until icons are displayed on the desktop.

Use the Alarms applet to automatically start programs at specified times.

If you wish to dispense with the Workplace Shell (and its overhead), particularly on low memory systems, change the line SET RUNWORKPLACE... in CONFIG.SYS to read SET RUNWORKPLACE=C:\OS2\CMD.EXE (replacing "C," if necessary, with a different drive letter). In fact any program with job control (e.g. Enhanced Editor, HyperAccess/5) can be used as the shell.

To implement a small scroll back buffer for your OS/2 command line windows, use the command MODE CO80,102. This procedure may be automated by adding "/K MODE CO80,102" in the Optional Parameters section of the OS/2 Window program object settings.

A clever way to manipulate files that are locked when the WPS is running (e.g. display drivers) is to add the line CALL=CMD.EXE at the end of CONFIG.SYS. Then Shutdown and reboot. The system will restart with an OS/2 command line prompt. Type EXIT to proceed into the WPS. Using CALL is also a convenient way to configure OS/2's serial ports using the MODE command. For example: CALL=C:\OS2\MODE.COM COM2:38400,N,8,1,,,,,,,RTS=HS,BUFFER=AUTO configures COM2 for high speed RTS handshaking and buffered I/O.

To shutdown without a mouse, press CTRL-ESC, select the Desktop, then press SHIFT-F10 and select Shutdown.

If your video driver does not support "seamless" Windows, try running the Win-OS/2 Program Manager in a DOS window.